International labor standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International labor standards - Essay Example The ILO is perhaps the only institution of its kind in the world which has the capability and credibility to ensure that international labor standards are implemented and this has lent credence to its continued existence. This agency’s recommendations tend to mainly provide guidance to its 183 member states but while this may be the case, its various conventions tend to be given the status of treaties, which are often binding on its members. Despite this being the case, it is a fact that these conventions do not go into force in the ILO member countries until such a time as they are ratified by individual governments. It is through the establishment of labor standards among ILO member states that it is possible to promulgate and enforce those national laws that are in line with its conventions (Warnecke & De Ruyter, 2010). Thus, it is through these means that the ILO work towards ensuring that international labor standard are enforced in order to protect the labor resources of the world from abuse. The ILO was established in 1919 during the Paris Peace Conference, the aim of the latter being an attempt to ensure that there was a lessening of public support for communist ideals. It is because of this that the allies chose to insert clauses into the peace treaty which would ensure that there would be the protection of labor unions as well as the rights of workers in the diverse industries of the world at the time. It was agreed that an international body, whose main purpose was to help in the guidance of international labor relations, would be established in the future. The first annual conference of the newly created organization was took place on October 1919 i Washington D.C. and it is during this conference that there was the adoption of the first six international labor conventions. These conventions dealt with the working hours in industry, how to define and handle unemployment, maternity protection, the minimum age to work,

Technology-the Future of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Technology-the Future of Terrorism Essay From the extensive evolution of computers to the introduction and mass popularity of the Internet. From bombs to missiles, from bases to shuttles. The world of technology is seemingly endless. In modern times computers and the Internet possess tremendous power and have a wide range of capabilities for better or for worse. Terrorism is for the worse and yet unfortunately, the evolution of technology has advanced the means to commit acts of terrorism, both actual terrorism but also cyber terrorism. T hink about the seemingly endless depth of technology, the complex features that go into making a bomb mechanism, you can only come to the solid conclusion that yes, technology has had a worldwide effect on the act of terrorism. There are two ways in which you can view this obvious revelation into the grim world of terrorism. You can look at it with the first way as mentioned, that terrorism has unlocked doors for terrorists to use to their advantage; new hi-tech gadgets being illegally manufactured to their advantage on a daily basis, the Internet being seemingly insecure enough to meet fellow terrorists, hack into government files and plot all forms of terrorist attempts. It seems as though technology advances, the resources for terrorism flourish. The second way however contradicts the first in a sense; as technology improves and gives the terrorists new means to attack, with that comes new means to defend against them. High tech security measures such as CCTV cameras, infrared and heat sensors and seemingly space-age computer techniques make defending, foiling and preventing terrorist attacks much more easy than in the grim past. Ever since the New York bombings on September 11, 2001, not only America, but the entire world has been on the edge of their seats in fear, just waiting for an all out terrorist attack to throw the entire population of human-kind into disbelief and awe, followed by the beginning of world war 3. Bombs have been in existence for decades, gun power has been in existence for decades, does this count as technology? In a sense, yes, but it has been since the revelation of the power of the Internet that terrorism has reached its all time high. With the capabilities of hacking into important Government systems, terrorists have the power to view and take advantage of every week point available to a specific country. With the wounds exposed, the terrorists attack. Is there really any way to sense when an attack is coming? Ever since the 9/11 bombings in New York and the 7/7 bombings in London, many people automatically wrongly associate those of the Muslim faith to be terrorists. The war on terrorism has inadvertently invoked a new era of race issues and prejudice; inadvertently one may think, but could this be what the terrorists wanted? There is no question that technology has changed terrorism in both of the aforementioned ways, for better and for worse. As technology continues to advance, terrorists will continue to find new means of attacking, just as the government will find new means of defending against them. It is just one big cycle that keeps advancing as time goes by. Technology has the power to change the future of terrorism. It has the power to advance it and it has the power to destroy it. It is simply a question of which one will prevail first, which is in its entirety, a very scary thought. 2-Terrorism has existed for centuries and continues to be a very real threat in modern times. The techniques to carry out an act of terrorism may have changed, but the fundamentals of why terrorists decide to carry out a terrorist act have not. Cyber terrorism is a newer technique terrorists utilize to inflict their acts of violence, fear and intimidation on their targeted victims. While it may have changed the dynamics of how terrorism is carried out, the underlying factors are much the same. The purpose of terrorism is to inflict terror through acts such as force, violence or destruction. Historically this has been carried out through bombs, hostage taking, assassinations, hi-jackings and weapons of mass destruction attacks. Throughout history many different kinds of weapons or intimidation have been used to invoke terror towards others. Technology is the latest tool employed to meet this destructive objective. Cyber terrorism is the newest approach and it is one which has high potential to bring about devastating results much like the kinds of preceding violent attacks, but on a grander scale. Todays politically motivated attacks are launched with the intention to cause weighty harm, and cyber attacks certainly have high potential to trigger severe injury, economical damage and even death. Many nations across the globe rely upon their technical infrastructures. What better way to terrorize people than to attack the very foundation their society is built upon and relies on to survive? Many nations take the act of cyber terrorism seriously because it threatens the very core and existence of their society. Technology does not change the act of terrorism per se because the same ntents which have always been present when a radical commits an act of terror are there. Their goal is often to cause bodily and financial harm. Terrorism is an act primarily fueled by hatred and intolerance for those who are different. With the advent of technology terrorists have found another weapon they can utilize to cause widespread damage. It is in this respect that technology has changed terrorism. While technological advances have not necessarily changed the intents for terrorism, theyve certainly impacted what radicals are capable of and this is where terrorism has changed. What it has done is provide the terrorists with another method to commit an act of terror and reach a larger number of victims. It also provides terrorists with an opportunity to pinpoint specifictargets without ever having to set foot on the soil of the region they are attacking. -google earth Cyber terrorism is a very real concern and security issue in todays world. The U. S. government has cyber attacks listed right up there with nuclear, chemical and biological threats. Although while cyber terrorism may not be a weapon of mass destruction, it is a weapon of disruption which is also harmful (Linda Volonino, Principles and Practice of Information Security). Can you imagine if an entire banking, emergency service, power plant, telecommunications, military or government infrastructure fell victim to a successful cyber terrorist attack? This could bring down the heart of an economy or government. Even if one target of this list was cyber attacked it would cause mass chaos or in some cases worse if it resulted in injury or death. While the motivators of terrorism remain the same, when terrorists use technology as a weapon it has strong potential to be a very dangerous one which can result in mass destruction. The problem with technology is that it never stands still. What is new today is out of date within a year and while many see this is progress, it produces difficulties when we apply it to something like terrorism. And its usually the counter-terrorists who are playing second fiddle to the terrorists responding to their advances and uses of new technology. It shows that while technology can have its uses, it also has many weaknesses. The computer is extremely useful to modern life and our fight against terrorism, but is also useful to the terrorist in carrying out their everyday work. In short, technology has changed terrorism dramatically and will continue to do so, like a stone gathering snow as it rolls down a hill. Technology has opened up opportunities for both sides but it also means that neither can win but the war between them can only become more violent, more deadly and more extreme. Technology has changed Terrorism because it has allowed terror networks to communicate with other terrorists and media networks around the world. Alqeada promotes videos recruiting susceptible to disaffected Muslims who disagree with the US policies in and around Muslim countries. The Internet is an unlimited vast resource which can advance humanity when used for good purposes but with limited laws regarding the Internet because of the ever changing technologies, it is difficult to make laws to keep up with the growing technology. Terror groups exploit this and use websites for propaganda purposes, recruitment of Arabs and Muslims to radical extremism. Terror groups are using the Internet to funnel money from charity groups in the US and Europe to finance their terror organizations by collecting charitable donations from mosques and other religious institutions. The US is constantly monitoring suspected organizations affiliated with radical groups and keep an eye on the banking transactions sent abroad. Video games which help many control and develop skills in shooting, driving air planes, and driving cars. The FBI monitors merchants which sell video technology to Afghanistan and Pakistan because any technology which can be used to teach or advance technical skills are restricted. Recently, the Obama and the McCain campaigns were hacked into by a foreign government trying to know their policies in advance. the US has to develop a system to protect themselves from the Chinese government and hackers which constantly launch cyber attacks against many other countries besides the US. The Chinese are notorious for stealing information and technologies from other governments. Since 9/11 Terrorists have been trying to reach the US and launch a large scale attack against the US and its allies. Security has tighten in airports, intelligence agencies have infiltrated these terror cells in the US and abroad and have stopped many planned attacks such as the NYC Lincoln tunnel attack. Many of these terror networks have lost their ability to organize an attack such as that of 9/11. The US government has a cyber anti terror network in the Pentagon and in many key government agencies protecting from the many cyber attacks that are launched against these agencies on a daily basis. Terrorist groups which have the inability to harm Americans on US soil may launch a cyber attack that could cripple Wall Street, destroy our infrastructure by hacking into electric plants, airports, transportation systems and banking industry. The Us still has outdated technologies regarding electric company grids which have not been updated into modern systems, it was rumored that last year when the entire East Coast lost electricity that it was a cyber attack the electric companies denied this rumor and said it was just to much usage and the system could not carry load. America has to develop technologies to counter cyber attacks and even use the foreign nations hacking against them by sending back a virus or worm that could destroy their system to discourage future cyber attacks. The Us should develop laws and catch up with the ever changing technologies regarding money laundering and funneling of illegal money to Terror organizations using US and European banks, there should be a coalition between major banks around the world to catch this activity and cut out all their money because without money the terrorists cant buy weapons and recruit people actively. TV reports throughout the world about the technology tools probably used by the terrorists in their effort to execute their hideous attack against the USA are sensational. Firstly, their communications must have been encoded to a point that intelligence services all over the world did not have the slightest idea that a criminal act of so grand a scale was on the way to be executed. We have heard from extravagant tools that can hide messages within the photographic images’ dots (stenography), satellite mobiles that encode communication and so on. All these TECHSare existent as well as widespread-even the mobiles we, simple citizens use nowadays encode our conversation, still in a relatively simple way, so that absolute security is not offered. The issue immediately raised is how and why such technologies have been released in the market, since the fact that they are to be used by bloodthirsty terrorists to assassinate thousands of people, is certain. The question of dangerous technology is a fair, yet a simplistic one. The first issue one has to think about is that once a technology is born, there is no way for it to be restricted on a long-term basis. It is knowledge, and knowledge cannot be stopped with wire fences. Even in the event of technology diffusion being restricted by law, its possession by criminals cannot be prevented, and that constitutes another problem. They are in possession of the means and of the financial support to acquire it:. The second question that has to be raised is, â€Å"to what extent should we accept â€Å"dangerous† technology ban? Should that be Cryptography? Should that be Flight Simulation Programs? (let us not forget that it is quite possible that the terrorists had been trained as to how to approach their targets using the Microsoft Flight Simulator program, one amongst the most common programs in the world. ) Technology and Terrorism: a brief Scenario Technology is double bladed sword and is to be handled with due care. It can be utilized for the welfare of the society as discussed earlier. Misuse of the same will definitely damage and destruct the society like anything. The scientists and researchers of the whole world are trying their best to explore newer technology for the benefit of the society. But their dreams have been shattered and certain anti social elements have misused the modern technology in terrorism Modern technology has added great terrors and horrors to terrorism. Modern technology has also been characterized as a negative response to globalization. The terrorists are using and trying to use every possible technological resource to fulfill their evil targets. They are utilizing the knowledge of various engineering disciplines which mainly includes Computes I. T. Electronics and Telecommunications, Ammunition Engineering, Bio technology, space engineering, Chemical science and other core branches of engineering too. Technology: A tool misused by terrorists. Terrorists are employing various communication devices for easy, faster and optimized communications. It is observed that they are mainly taking the help of cell phones, radio audio signals, micro chips (a data handling device) and other advanced electronics and telecommunication devices. It is proved that they are widely using Laptops and Internet services and software to plan, develop and fund terrorist activities.

Effects of Flying on Cavities

Effects of Flying on Cavities Aviation dentistry – New Horizon, New Challenge Abstract: After the innovations in aviation at the beginning of the 20th century, many in -flight pathologic and physiologic conditions were reported. Changing atmospheric pressure, especially if it is rapid, can cause discomfort and damage to the oral cavities and maxillofacial areas unless the pressure within these cavities containing gas is able to equilibrate with the external air pressure. Out of these conditions- barodontalgia (pain due to gas entrapment) and barotrauma (pressure induced tooth fracture, restoration and tooth fracture) was most frequently seen to occur. Due to partial pressurisation of aeroplanes cabins and improvement in dental techniques and oral health awareness, prevalence of flight-related oral manifestations has declined. It is important for the dental practioners to be familiar with these facts and not to neglect dental education with respect to aviation. Aircrew patients as well as air passengers often make it challenging for the dentist to treat several flight-re lated conditions. Correct diagnosis should be made before these conditions lead to serious complications. With thorough practice and experience, the aircrew are now able to avoid, or treat, these pressure related problems. Keywords:Â  Barodontalgia, Barotrauma, Aviation Dentistry. INTRODUCTION It is a known fact that at higher altitudes there is a reduction in air density and air pressure.The decrease in pressure is that at 18,000ft, air pressure is half that of that at sea level and at 33,000 ft. it is quarter as seen at sea level.1 This reduction in air pressure has a many negative effects on aviators. When an aircraft is at a high altitude, atmospheric pressure will be too low but inside aircraft pressure is maintained such that it is comfortable for crew and passengers. The pressure and temperature regulation in aircraft is done by means of aircycle machines and outflow valves.2 During flight, the aircrew is responsible for the lives of the aircrew members and passengers for completing the flight successfully. Any problem within the flight could lead to failures in the flight’s safety. 3 Dental practice and education is evolving with technological advancements. The focus is now on prevention. With the advanced expansion in the airlines industry with air travel now being the chief mode of transport, special attention must be paid towards the crew members and air travellers.4 Aviation dentistry primarily deals with the oral and dental health status of the aviators. It deals with the diagnosis, principles of prevention and treatment, disorders or conditions which are related to the oral cavity and maxillofacial area and their impact on those who travel in such an environment where there is change in pressure than that of the normal atmospheric pressure.5 Several areas of the body normally contain gas which includes the lungs and air-passages, the sinuses of the face, the stomach and bowel, and the middle ear cavity. Gas may be present in other areas of the body under abnormal circumstances such as the gas produced when a tooth abscess forms, or sometimes under a tooth’s filling. 2 A person in flight is subjected to reduced air pressure.Here, the gas present within the body will expand. This is not a problem if the gas communicates freely with the outside (as with the mouth, nose, and to a degree the sinuses and the middle ear cavity). The gas merely expands and escapes to the outside atmosphere. But if the gas doesn’t communicate freely with the outside, its expansion will cause a build-up in pressure on the cavity walls causing discomfort .It can even impair the function of the organ involved .6 Large changes in altitude can cause toothache (Barodontalgia = pressure-tooth-pain). The reason this occurs is either the presence of small pockets of gas in deep (usually unlined) fillings, or collections of gas in areas of decay, gum inflammation, or root abscesses where the pain can be quite severe.7 Due to infrequent meals, the aircrew members may suffer some gastro- intestinal problems too.8 With practice and experience aircrew are able to avoid, or treat, these pressure related problems .5 We as dentists should prevent the creation of in-flight hazards when we treat aircrew members and frequent flyers. BAROTRAUMA Barotrauma refers to injury sustained from failure to equalize the pressure of an air-containing space with that of the surrounding environment. The most common examples of barotrauma occur in air travel, scuba diving , hyperbaric oxygen therapy or exposure to shock waves from an explosion .9 It is a tissue injury seen due to changes in pressure, wherein the gas compresses or expands which is present in various hard or soft body structures. In cases where there is increased pressure outside the body, this pressure is equally transmitted throughout the blood and body tissues, which do not compress because they are composed mainly of liquid. However, gases (such as the air inside the lungs, sinuses, or middle ears) compress or expand as outside pressure increases or decreases causing pain, numbness and damage to the involved tissue. 5,10 Barotrauma of non-dental origin Barotrauma can commonly affect the ears which is also called aero-otitis or Barotitis .11 It is observed that plane landing leads to extreme pain in the ear (the pressure change can create a vacuum in the middle ear that pulls the eardrum inward causing pain), dizziness (vertigo), bleeding or fluid coming from the ear (due to a ruptured eardrum) and ultimately hearing loss.12, 13 Risk of barotrauma is increased by conditions that prevent air from freely flowing between spaces, such as sinus congestion or blockage of Eustachian tube or any other upper respiratory tract infection.14 It may impair the balancing function of the Eustachian tube, thus predisposing the individual to barotrauma. However, pulmonary barotrauma is the most serious amongst the other types of barotrauma. Pulmonary barotrauma may cause shortness of breath, chest pain, and feeling of fullness in the chest, pain that radiates to the neck and/or shoulders, light-headedness, seizure or coma. Potential complications can include pneumothorax and stroke. Measures that can help prevent pulmonary barotrauma include ascending slowly and breathing during ascent .15 High altitudes can also cause acute or chronic inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses, mainly the frontal sinus . This is produced by the development of a pressure difference (usually negative) between the air in the sinus cavity and that of the surrounding atmosphere .This condition is termed as Barosinusitis, Sinus barotrauma, Aerosinusitis or Sinus squeeze .14 Normally, there is no air pressure differential between the sinuses and the outside environment. Barosinusitis can occur and be manifested as toothache (indirect barodontalgia)16. Vacuum created inside the sinus may also seem to cause damage to the ethmoid cell mucosa which may trigger the ethmoid nerves (branches of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve that innervate the mucosa on the inner surface of the sinus).This may lead to orbital and/or peri-orbital headache. 17 To prevent the above risks from occurring, it’s better to postpone the flight for people suffering from a cold or congestion . Using a decongestant could help in some cases. To relieve the pressure during take-off and landing sucking candy, chewing gum, yawning or breathing with the mouth open can be beneficial .Usage of filtered earplugs can help to slowly equalize the air pressure against the eardrum. Since one does not swallow enough during sleep, keeping awake during descent can also prove helpful. Barotrauma of dental origin BARODONTALGIA Barodontalgia is an oral (dental or nondental) pain caused by a change in barometric pressure in an otherwise asymptomatic organ. Gases are confined within the closed spaces due to which it is unable to contract to adjust the internal pressure. Individuals experience pain which may be sharp or squeezing in nature. Whether the pain occurs during ascent or descent depends entirely on the related pathology. 5 Generally, pain on ascent is related to vital pulp disease (i.e., pulpitis) and pain on descent to pulp necrosis or facial barotrauma .Pain related to periapical disease can appear during ascent as well as descent.9 The pain usually ceases when returning to onset level or ground atmospheric level but can last longer if caused by periapical disease or facial barotrauma. Barodontalgia is a symptom rather than a pathologic condition itself. In most cases, it is an exacerbation of pre-existing subclinical oral disease.18 Several suggestions to explain the pathogenesis of barodontalgia were given. Strohaver 19 in 1972 advocated the differentiation of into direct and indirect types. In direct barodontalgia, reduced atmospheric pressure leads to direct effect on the affected tooth, whereas in the indirect type, dental pain is due to the stimulation of the superior alveolar nerves at the time of maxillary barosinusitis. Direct barodontalgia is characterised by moderate to severe pain, which usually develops during take-off. It is well localized and the patient can identify the involved tooth whereas indirect barodontalgia is a dull, poorly defined pain that generally involves the posterior maxillary teeth and develops during landing. Exposure to altered atmospheric pressure is obviously a significant factor resulting in pain production in barodontalgia with disease of the pulp as one of the probable cause. Ferjentsik et al 20 stated that normal pulp tissue would not produce pressure associated pain, regardless of whether restorations or caries were present. However, Hodges 21 has reported that dental pain could be produced in apparently healthy teeth when the atmospheric pressure was increased. Experimental research indicates that barodontalgia may depend on an increased pulpal pressure induced by pressure variations in the permeability of the dentinal tubules. Kollmann W (1933) said that barodontalgia could be due to expansion of trapped air bubbles under a restoration or against dentin that activates the pain receptors. 22 It could also be due to stimulation of nerve endings in an inflamed pulp or stimulation of nociceptors in the maxillary sinus with referred pain to the teeth. BAROMETRIC TOOTH EXPLOSION It was reported that teeth with pre-existing leaked restoration or remaining/recurrent caries lesions underneath restoration led to tooth explosion when exposed to changes in atmospheric pressure.23 This condition is known as Barometric tooth explosion, Barodontocrexis or Odontocrexis. Although the destructive potential of arrested or remaining carious lesions in daily life is minimal, it seems that these lesions may not be as asymptomatic or minimal in a pressure-changed environment. Calder and Ramsey 24 reported that all the damaged teeth either had poor quality of amalgam restorations with unfavourable clearance between the tooth and the amalgam or secondary caries under the restoration. Odontocrexis can potentially lead to severe pain, swallowing of the tooth fragments or even their aspiration. 25 Patients should be advised not to fly while having provisional restorations or temporary cement in their mouth. Leaky or faulty restorations should be diagnosed and replaced. Carious lesions should also be excavated and restored. Placement of cuspal coverage crowns could also be a preventive measure. PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS Lyons et al. studied the retention of crowns to extracted teeth in environmental pressure changing conditions. The crowns cemented with glass-ionomer cement or zinc phosphate cement had reduced retention with the tooth. Crowns cemented with resin cement did not have reduced retention.26 This can be due to porosities incorporated at the time of manipulation of zinc phosphate cement and glass-ionomer cement. These microporosities expand and contract upon pressure changes leading to a weakened cement . 25 Microleakage was also detected in zinc phosphate and glass-ionomer cements after pressure changes , whereas no microleakage was detected in resin cement.27 Reduced barometric pressure can reduce the retention of full removable dentures (especially maxillary dentures) 28 Retention by osteointegrated dental implants is the best solution for edentulous fliers.4 RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY Pure oxygen inhalation may cause corrosion of dental amalgam restorations in cases due to increased percentage of oxygen.29 Differential thermal contraction in cases of low temperature of a high altitude environment is seen of amalgam materials as compared with tooth hard tissue. Harvey30 reported that cold temperature is unlikely the dominant mechanism underlying dental fracture. Excessive occlusal forces was also a factor in dental restoration dislodgement .Sognnaes, suggested that clenching or grinding of teeth was a causative factor for restorative failure.18 ENDODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS Although not evidence based, Rossi 31 contraindicated direct pulp capping in aircrew patients and recommended endodontic treatment in each case of suspected invasion to the pulp chamber in order to prevent sub-acute pulpitis or silent pulp necrosis and their potential barometric pressure-related consequences. Open unfilled root canals may cause leakage of the intracanal infected content to the periradicular tissues and subcutaneous emphysema . PERIODONTAL CONSIDERATIONS Decrease in salivation and dryness of mouth are few of the risk factors responsible for the development of caries lesions. Dryness of the mouth can be due to breathing of dry compressed gases in the aircraft. 32There is increased risk of periodontal diseases because of xerostomia. ORAL SURGERY When maxillary teeth are extracted, the dental surgeons should always rule out the existence of an oroantral communication as it can lead to sinusitis when exposed to a pressure changing environment .33 PREVENTION Caries excavations and restorations should be completed before airtravel. Leaky restorations should be replaced. During the restoration of a carious tooth, a thorough examination of the floor of the cavity should be done to rule out any penetration leading to the pulp chamber. In such cases a protective cavity liner should be applied (e.g. glass-ionomer cement) . During multi-visit endodontic treatment, the temporary restoration must be placed properly .When oroantral communication is diagnosed; referral to an oral surgeon for its closure is indicated.9 Cuspal coverage crowns could also be a preventive measure.Resin cements are preferred for cementation,as they give better retention. During flight, chewing gum or candy will increase salivation and prevent dryness in mouth. CONCLUSION There has been a tremendous increase in air travellers viz pilots, aircrew personnel, air passengers, flight attendants and leisure pilots. Special precautions must be taken during endodontic, restorative, prosthodontic and oral maxillo facial surgical treatments for the aircrew patients to prevent any kind of in -flight incapabilities leading to serious issues. Aviation dentistry is an emerging science which has been much neglected .With air travel gaining popularity, the in-flight dental hazards cannot be ignored anymore. The dental clinicians should take an initiative to raise awareness levels and sensitize the air travellers about this issue. The need of the hour is to promote diagnostic tools and treatment guidelines to the aviation industry to ensure wellness of air travellers.

Arthur Millers A View From the Bridge Essay -- Arthur Miller View Br

Arthur Miller's A View From the Bridge Today hostility is viewed upon as wrong, when "A View From the Bridge" was written, hostility made up part of the day-to-day running of people in this era. Today women are treated as equals and any discrimination is taken incredibly seriously, in the time the play written, women had very few rights and were constantly stereotyped and abused. Manliness, hostility and aggression play an important role in the play, 'A View From the Bridge'. Each character has a different view on what it means to be manly and what manliness is. Eddie, the main character around which the play revolves, has a very specific view of what manliness exactly is. When other character's views clash with his own ideals, he reacts, violently in most cases. Another character, Marco, demonstrates masculine characteristics and makes Eddie feel threatened, these connect the ideas of manliness, hostility and aggression. I will look at this particular area, and others later in the essay. The play, itself, is set in the Red Hook, slum area of Brooklyn, New York during the 1950s. It focuses around the immigration of Italian people, searching for the American Dream, however many if these 'dreams' were shattered with the tragedy and poverty that befell the people of that area. The area of Red Hook is also renowned for its infamous gangsters such as Al Capone, John Torrio and Frankie Yale. Another character in the play, Alfieri, plays a similar part to a chorus, similar to ones in Greek plays, narrating the play and commenting on events; he also plays a part in the play as a lawyer and a family friend. He is essential to the structure of the play as he opens and closes it and at other times moves th... ...get it, Catherine." Women in this era, were forced into these roles, they had few rights and were treated poorly. I believe that the play is well written and it was a success. The author had spent a number of years in these conditions and knew what it felt like for these people. The characters in the play were well formed and each person was totally independent from the others. However at the end of the play, just before Marco stabs Eddie, there is little suspension, leaving much to be desired for the ending. The play does also relate to many of today's issues. People are still quite homophobic (however homosexuals are becoming more and more integrated into today's society) and due to large amounts of immigrants coming into the country people of Britain are becoming more xenophobic towards those societies. Much in the same way as the era Eddie lived in.

Gatsby vs Tom Essay

In The Great Gatsby the author describes Gatsby and Daisy’s husband Tom- and as he depicts their characteristics, the reader is able to observe similarities and differences between them. The similarities I’m going to discuss are their desire for success and social status, their determination for the things they desire, and their hatred for one another. The differences that contrast these similarities are their desire for success and social status for different reasons, the type of wealth, and their personality types. In the end, despite Tom’s negative light, Daisy chooses him over Gatsby ultimately due to security and the higher value of Tom’s old money. The two characters, Tom and Gatsby, both value success and social status highly. One way they show this, is by insulting those less wealthy, or demeaning the social status of others. Tom belittles the social status and â€Å"new money† of Gatsby in the following quote; â€Å"She’s not leaving me! † Tom’s words suddenly leaned down over Gatsby. â€Å"Certainly not for a common swindler who’d have to steal the ring he put on her finger. (pg. 131) in saying this, Tom degrades Gatsby wealth, comparing him to a â€Å"common swindler†. Manny of Toms jabs to Jay were from a financial standpoint, indicating that without wealth there is a large amount of disrespect. Gatsby valued success and social status because it was the only way he would win the approval of Daisy, this can be observed here; â€Å"That huge place there? † she cried pointing. â€Å"Do you like it? †(Gatsby) â€Å"I love it, but I don’t see how you live there all alone. † (Daisy) â€Å"I keep it always full of interesting people, night and day. People who do interesting things. Celebrated people. † (Gatsby) (pg. 90). In the mentioned conversation between Daisy and Gatsby, Gatsby both flaunts his wealth to Daisy (â€Å"huge place†) and also boasts his social status by indicating that important people and â€Å"Celebrated people† are constant visitors to him. Another similarity between the two men is that they are both determined to have what they desire. Gatsby desires Daisy and her love. Throughout the novel, Gatsby had been driven to success in order to win Daisy, who he had fallen in love with. Gatsby says to Tom â€Å"Your wife doesn’t love you, said Gatsby. She never loved you. She loves me†. (pg. 130) In this quote, Gatsby tries to convince Tom that his love is returned by Daisy, and he is completely determined to take him out of the picture. Tom desires her for perfect trophy wife, as someone to both help prove his wealth and share it with him. Tom shows his passion for Daisy in the quote â€Å"But all the rest of that’s a God damned lie. Daisy loved me when she married me and she loves me now. †(pg. 31) He is not the passive sort of person who would let Gatsby take his wife, he stands up for himself and their marriage in Gatsby and Tom’s confrontation. The final similarity that will be discussed is that they both have hatred toward one another. Proof of Tom’s hate and aggression towards Gatsby is shown in the quote † I can’t speak about what happened five years ago, because I didn’t know Daisy then — and I’ll be damned if I see how you got within a mile of her unless you brought the groceries to the back door† (pg. 31) Tom in this quote insults Gatsby’s â€Å"new money† wealth by suggesting him to have been working at a low status position 5 years ago. Proof of the returned hate from Gatsby is shown in the following line â€Å"She never loved you, do you hear? He cried. â€Å"She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me. It was a terrible mistake, but in her heart she never loved any one except me! † (pg. 130) In this quote, Gatsby indicated Tom to be her second choice, and a terrible mistake on her part. This concludes the three similarities between Tom and Gatsby, next, the differences between the two will be discussed. Though Gatsby and Tom both value wealth and social status, they have different drives for these successes. Gatsby valued these because he believed that with fortune he can win over Daisy’s love. â€Å"Her voice is full of money† Gatsby said. (pg. 120) This quote shows that money is something Daisy has been brought up on, and is shown in her mannerisms and behaviors. Due to this, Gatsby can see that the way to fit into Daisy’s world and be what she needs, is to have this wealth as well, and adopt the lifestyle surrounding it. Wealth was important to Gatsby because Daisy was important to him. Tom values wealth and social status because he was raised believing it was the most important thing, and it surrounded his upbringing. Money got him everything he wanted, pristine education, lots of friends, and Daisy. â€Å"His family was enormously wealthy—even in collage his freedom with money was a matter of reproach. † (pg. 6). The types of wealth the two men have are different as well, and have large implications socially. Gatsby has what is called â€Å"new money†. He didn’t inherit his wealth; in fact he came from poverty and worked his way upward into higher social status. He struggled and worked hard to get everything he has. This is proven through the fact that Jay had to work through his University education, whereas Tom, brought up with money, had his tuition taken care of without any work by him. Tom, in contrast to Gatsby, comes from what is called â€Å"old money†. This is money that had been given to him through family inheritance, requiring no work. Tom had everything come easy to him, and required no struggle or hard work. Being predisposed to wealth, in the way that Tom was, gave him a great head start on life that Gatsby never had. Lastly, their personality types are overall very different. Tom has the traits and shows the behaviors of being dominant, athletic, and brutish These traits are shown in the following passage, while conversing with Mrs. Wilson, he shows aggressiveness and a short temper when he strikes her ; â€Å"â€Å"Daisy! Daisy! Daisy! † shouted Mrs. Wilson. â€Å"I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai___†. Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. †. (pg. 37) Gatsby is sympathetic and caring, taking the blame for the murder, being the better man. Gatsby sacrificed everything he had worked so hard for, the social status and success, all in the end to trade for Daisy, whom he loved. â€Å"Was Daisy driving? I inquired. Yes, He said after a moment, but of course I’ll say I was. † (pg. 143) Gatsby is a man of moral strength, unlike Tom. Old money seems to weaken characteristics of morals, making their personalities selfish and arrogant, contrast to those of new money, who had worked hard for what they had. This is the final difference between the two men that will be discussed. Despite the negative light Tom is portrayed, Daisy chooses him over Gatsby because Daisy was comfortable with her life with Tom. She knew his money would never run out, though Gatsby’s once did- â€Å"I thought you inherited your money. † â€Å"I did, old sport,† he said automatically, â€Å"but I lost most of it in the big panic — the panic of the war. † (pg. 90); Tom informed Daisy that Gatsby was only a bootlegger and that his money was not reliable; â€Å"her eyes told that whatever intentions, whatever courage she had, were definitely gone. (pg. 135). This quote shows that as Tom began to show Gatsby in this way, bringing his â€Å"new money† issues to light, she wanted to leave Tom less and less. She lets Tom make the decisions for her. She had been used to her life being a certain way – she follows certain rules, she expects certain rewards – and when Gatsby challenges her to break free of these restraints, she can’t deal with the overwhelming break from routine and confides back to Tom and the lifestyle she knows. â€Å"You want too much! She cried to Gatsby. I love you now—isn’t that enough? Tom moments later said â€Å"You start on home, Daisy† said Tom, â€Å"In Mr. Gatsby’s car† She looked at Tom, alarmed now, but he insisted with Magnanimous scorn. Go on, He won’t annoy you. I think he realizes that his presumptuous little flirtation is over†. Tom knew he had control of Daisy now. She was scared of change and possible loss of her luxurious lifestyle, and she decided not to leave the security of wealth that was Tom. Throughout this discussion we saw the comparison in the two men Gatsby and Tom. Similarities were shown between them, regarding their value in success and social status, their determination to get a hold of what they desire, and their hatred toward each other. The differences observed between the two characters was then their different drives for wealth, their different types of money, old and new, and their opposing personalities. Despite Tom’s negativity, Daisy being the weaker character, ultimately chose Tom, as she could not let go of her secure lifestyle, she could not risk ever being poor, she decides she must go with what she knows, and she chooses Tom over Gatsby.

Stationery Supply Proposal

Intellect Resources Limited 2, Kolawole Sebili Street Killa B/Stop, Iyana Ejigbo Ejigbo, Lagos [email  protected] com Intellect Res. Ltd Intellect Res. Ltd Intellect Resources Limited BOOKS AND GENERAL STATIONERY SUPPLIES 25 June 2011 Prepared By:Ige Michael Olatunde Sales Officer Prepared For: XXXX Nigeria Limited. DESCRIPTION XXX Nigeria Limited requires an a prompt and economical supply of general office stationery and related materials.Intellect Resources Limited is committed to supply books and general office stationery to XXX Nigeria limited in a prompt and cost effective manner to avoid unnecessary delays in XXX Nigeria Limited service deliveries, office operations, etc. OBJECTIVE 1. To employ the best practices in the conduct of business 2. Supply of goods that meet the requirement of client 3. Provide prompt and timely supplies irrespective of client location and status 4. Provide a network that ease access to urgent requirement and supplies 5.Make available a pedestal for customization of office equipment and preserve identity SCOPE OF SERVICE Our services include but not limited to the following 1. Supply of basic office consumables and supplies, mailing supplies, small office electronics, multimedia storage devices, ink and toner supplies and light office machines. 2. Supply of academic books ranging from creche to higher education books 3. Supply of business and motivational books 4. Conferencing and Meeting support services 5. Customisation of office equipments and identities 6.Library and allied services COST SUMMARY The following tables shows the estimated cost of stationery and office consummables supplied by our organisation. Basic Office Supplies No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Comments| 1| File fastener| | | | 2| Paper binder| | | | 3| Pape rings| | | | 4| Key tag| | | | 5| Foldback clips| | | | 6| Mounting tacks| | | | 7| Thimblettes| | | | 8| Rubber band| | | | 9| Adhesive tapes| | | | 10| pens| | | | 11| pencils| | | | 12| Correction pen| | | | 13| Correction fluid and brush| | | | 14| Correction tape| | | | 5| Adhesive notes| | | | 16| glues| | | | 17| Marker& cleaner| | | | 18| Rulers| | | | 19| Erasers| | | | 20| Writing pads/ Notepads| | | | 21| Key cabinet| | | | Mailing Supplies No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Comments| 1| Custom Label| | | | 2| Laser label| | | | 3| Bubble packaging| | | | 4| Tape dispenser| | | | 5| Envelopes| | | | 6| Shrink Wraps| | | | 7| Plastic bags| | | | 8| Mailing tubes| | | | 9| Shipping boxes| | | | 10| Paper packaging| | | | Electronics and storage Devices No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Comments| 1| Calculator| | | | | Voice recorder| | | | 3| Label maker| | | | 4| CD & DVD| | | | 5| CD cover, rack and stack| | | | 6| External hard drives| | | | 7| USB memory stick| | | | 8| Computer cables| | | | 9| Ink and cartridges| | | | 10| Copier toner| | | | 11| Copier papers| | | | 12| Inkjet and laser photo papers| | | | Light office Machines No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Co mments| 1| Stapler| | | | 2| Staple pins| | | | 3| Hole punches| | | | 4| Guillotine| | | | 5| Scissors| | | | 6| Utility knife| | | | 7| | | | | 8| | | | | 9| | | | | 10| | | | |The cost summary of other services rendered is provided on client’s request. Disclaimer: The above cost are estimates and valid within 20 days of preparation of this proposal DELIVERY In-stock goods are delivered within six hours after receiving a PO (Lagos only) and within 48 hours outside Lagos. CLOSING We are committed to prompt, timely and satisfactory delivery of goods and services. Our professional, dedicated personnel and open-ended supply chain keep us above board among our peers. We guarantee satisfaction of client in all areas of our business.